Skin Cancer Essays (1144 words) - RTT, Dermatologic Surgery

Skin Cancer Every hour one American is killed by skin cancer and every thirty seconds one American gets skin cancer. Cancer is a deadly disease that alters the DNA of a skin cell and causes it to reproduce at a rapid pace. This overproduction of cells can be harmful and in many cases deadly. Out of these cancers the most common is Basal cell carcinoma. Many steps have been made in the treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma, some have been very successful and some not. The cells that have the altered DNA are called malignant or cancerous cells. These cells are found in the outer layers of the skin. The skin's main job is to protect the body from infections and to insulate the body to keep it at the proper temperature. The first layer of skin is called the epidermis. This is the layer that is closest to the surface of the skin. There are three types of cells in this layer. The first is the squamace. The squamace cells are flat and scaly and are located closest to the surface of the skin. Second are the basal cells and finally are the melanocytes, which give the skin its color. The second layer of skin is the dermis, which is much thicker than the epidermis. This layer contains sweat glands, nerves and blood vessels. The dermis also contains follicles, which are tiny pockets from which the hair grows. The most common malignant cells are the basal cells. Cancer in the basal cell is called nonmelanoma cancer. This means that the cancer did not start in the melanocytes located in the epidermis. Basal Cell Carcinoma is caused by overexposure to the sun. The sun gives off ultraviolet rays, which are harmful to the human body. Basal cell carcinoma will affect body parts such as the eyes, ears and nose. If it is detected before it gets deep into the skin there will most likely be no problem treating the cancer. A problem will occur if it isn't detected quickly enough and it has progressed into the deep portions of the tissue. If Basal cell carcinoma is left untreated it can be very hard to treat and may even cause death. The common methods of treatment involve the use of Mohs micrographic surgery, radiation therapy, electrodesiccation and curettage, and simple excision. Each of these methods is useful in specific clinical situations. Depending on the case, these methods have cure rates ranging from 85% to 95%. Mohs micrographic surgery, a newer surgical technique, has the highest cure rate for surgical treatment of both primary and recurrent tumors. This method uses microscopic control to determine the extent of tumor invasion. Although Mohs micrographic surgery method is complicated and requires special training, it has the highest cure rate of all surgical treatments because the tumor is microscopically outlined until it is completely removed. While other treatment methods for recurrent basal cell carcinoma have failure rates of about 50%, cure rates have been reported at 96% when treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. "Mohs micrographic surgery is also indicated for tumors with poorly defined clinical borders, tumors with diameters larger than two cm, tumors with histopathologic features showing morpheaform or sclerotic patterns, and tumors arising in regions where maximum preservation of uninvolved tissue is desirable, such as eyelid, nose and finger." Next there is a treatment involving simple excision with frozen or permanent sectioning for margin evaluation. This traditional surgical treatment usually relies on surgical margins ranging from three to ten millimeters, depending on the diameter of the tumor. Tumor recurrence is not uncommon because only a small fraction of the total tumor margin is examined pathologically. Recurrence rate for primary tumors greater than 1.5 cm in diameter is at least twelve percent within five years. If the primary tumor measures larger than three cm, the five year recurrence rate is 23.1%. Primary tumors of the ears, eyes, scalp, and nose have recurrence rates ranging from 12.9% to 25%. Third there is electrodesiccation and curettage. This method is the most widely employed method for removing primary basal cell carcinomas. Although it is a quick method for destroying tumor, adequacy of treatment cannot be assessed immediately since the surgeon cannot visually detect the depth of microscopic tumor invasion. Tumors with diameters ranging from two to five mm have a fifteen percent recurrence rate after treatment with electrodesiccation and curettage. When tumors larger than three cm is treated with electrodesiccation and curettage, a 50% recurrence rate should be expected within five years. The fourth type is radiation therapy. Radiation

Bailouts as a Financial Aid from the US Government

Bailouts as a Financial Aid from the US Government The interference by the US government in order to help large firms or states facing financial crisis is a crucial undertaking because the failure in this regard affects the economy adversely. In this regard, the government promotes measures that channel financial aid to firms or states in need of help. History demonstrates that the US government has participated in bailouts for various American corporations and states. In 1971, the Lockheed Corporation faced numerous financial challenges.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bailouts as a Financial Aid from the US Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The anticipated failure of the corporation meant that a large number of people would become jobless. In addition, the corporation’s failure would affect America’s gross national product and its defense system. However, Lockheed could pay off its various debts because of a bailout realized through the Emer gency Loan Guaranteed Act passed by the Congress. In the 1970s, the New York City entered a period characterized by numerous financial problems. In response, the US government provided an estimated $2.3 billion to the city in terms of loans. The New York City Seasonal Financing Act enabled New York to obtain the largely needed financial aid. The 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States affected the airline industry negatively. Various airlines incurred considerable financial losses due to the mandatory grounding of aircraft because of terrorist attacks. In this regard, the Bush administration passed into law the Air transportation Safety and Stabilization act that introduced various forms of compensation for the affected airlines. The provision of financial assistance to businesses and states presents various opportunities. First, it creates an opportunity that allows the company of concern to remain within the industry to avoid causing any significant effects on other related en tities. Thus, a country may grant subsidies or loans at low rates to a company in order to ensure that all the vital industries continue to function in a manner that promotes the sustenance of the economy. Furthermore, such an approach cushions the economy from various ripple effects whose outcomes are undesirable to a country. In this regard, the government can control unemployment rates and other costs such as welfare expenses due to reduced livelihoods. Bailouts provide companies and states with an opportunity to evaluate various aspects concerning financial management. In this regard, companies or states can adopt policies that promote the effective use of funds, and eliminate policies that increase chances of financial crisis. Furthermore, bailouts provide the government with an opportunity to benefit from loan fees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advocat es for the free market oppose the intervention by the state on matters relating to the economy. In their opinion, the provision of financial aid to companies or states encourages them to perform poorly. Another consideration among the free market advocates is the government’s influence on the normal functioning of various market forces. The funds utilized to rescue companies or states should go back to the treasury once the bailout beneficiary has regained financially. However, not all the companies or states that receive financial assistance attain full recovery. Some companies become bankrupt leading to the loss of public money. Another challenge is cases of disagreement between various parties involved in the setting up of a bailout program for a certain company or state. For example, although the Penn Central Railroad was in dire need of financial assistance, disagreements between the administration and the Congress led to the eventual failure of the corporation.