Ratan Tata

Strategist: Sir Ratan Tata When Ratan Tata became Group Chairman in 1991 he ushered an era of change. According to him â€Å"A company or business that remains static will die. A company that constantly changes and accepts that there are better ways to do things than they are done today is a company that will survive in the global market that we face. † He is admired not only for managing the Tata Empire but creating history by making Tata group an MNC by acquiring steel companies like Chorus and legendary automotive brands of Land Rover & Jaguar. It was his vision to come up with Tata Nano, affordable car for common man in India, and with Tata ACE in the commercial segment to cater the ever going needs of cargo transport. All this has revolutionized not only the Indian industry but also created niche in global space. He is recipient of Padma Bhusan, Padma Vibhusan , NASSCOM Leadership, Carneige Mellon medal of philanthropy, ranked among World’s most powerful businessmen, and conferred honorary citizenship of Singapore etc. His personality has distinguishable features–Very dignified, Ethical, Dependable, Believes in keeping promises, questioning the unquestionable, Risk taker not a speculator, Great Motivator, Loyal and believes in making relationships He is an exemplary leader who is a Visionary, Strategist, Initiator/ change champion, Risk taker, Expertise and a man of integrity. His leadership is admired by the corporate of almost every generation. In his Leadership Managerial roles, he exhibits role of– Figurehead Entrepreneur Resource allocator role Disturbance Handler Besides, he is a philanthropist and has taken many initiatives for society and people.

Asian Low Cost Carrier Essay

1.1. Budget Airlines The original concept of budget airlines is basically outsourced business. It puts together other businesses into and integrates those separate businesses into a form of operation and put effort to create a brand. Basically, it will try to minimize capital investments and cover it with operational expenses. And by nature of its business model, the cost structures are all variable costs, or very minimum fixed costs. With this business model, the company is not only rent the aircraft, but also outsourced its pilots, flight attendants, and other employees. It will sell tickets through agents and use service from company doing aircraft maintenance and services. And to ensure the profitability, it is critical that the operational costs, which is the main source of expenses, to be as low as possible. Therefore, it is typical that companies using this business model to use old airplanes which are close to end of the service-life. This will cost them much lesser than new airplanes. 1.2. Low Cost Airlines BusinessDictionary.com defined low cost airlines as â€Å"charter and/or scheduled flights to offer bargain-basement fares. Budget airlines usually land at and take-off from secondary airports, do not provide inflight meals or refreshments, and may not even offer numbered seat allocation. Their ticket prices are fixed, and non-refundable in case of a cancellation or no-show. Also called no-frills airline†. Wikipedia defines it as â€Å"an airline which tries to keep its prices and fares lower than competitors. It usually does this by not offering services like free food and drink on a flight and keeping fines from airports low by keeping on time. They also usually only use one type of aircraft† In this business model, airline companies are trying to squeeze cost structure and create an affordable ticket price. It minimizes services, uses budget terminal, reduces allowable luggage, less leg room, no in-flight entertainment and meals. Secondary airport will be the first choice, and the each airplane will only have approximately 25 minutes between flights for refueling, cleaning, onboarding passengers, etc. SECTION 2 –Low Cost Airlines in Asia 2.1.Air Asia A Malaysian-based low-cost airline owned by Tony Fernandez.AirAsia is Asia’s largest low-fare, no-frills airline and a pioneer of low-cost travel in Asia. AirAsia group operates scheduled domestic and international flights to over 400 destinations spanning 25 countries. Its main hub is the Low-Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) in Malaysia. AirAsia’s registered office is in Petaling Jaya, Selangor while its head office is at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. 2.2.Tiger Airways Tiger Airways is headquartered in Singapore. It operates scheduled flights to regional destinations in Southeast Asia, Australia, China and India from its main base at Singapore Changi Airport. Its head office is in the Honeywell Building in Changi Business Park Central. Tiger Airways won the CAPA Low Cost Airline of the Year Award for 2006 and 2010 2.3.Lion Air Indonesia’s largest privately run airline, capturing the largest share of the domestic market share. Headquartered in Jakarta, Lion Air flies to cities within Indonesia and to Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia. Its main base is Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. As of July 2010, it operates scheduled passenger services on an extensive network from Jakarta to 56 destinations. Along with most other Indonesian carriers, Lion Air (including its Wings Air subsidiary) is on the list of air carriers banned in the European Union due to safety concerns as of February 2012 2.4.Jet Star Jetstar is an Australian budget airline established originally as a local subsidiary of Qantas. It first served domestic routes and New Zealand destinations. In subsequent years it expanded its network to South East Asia, China and Japan. The sister company Jetstar Asia Airways operates routes out of Singapore. Combined they serve almost all major destinations in Asia. Valuair was acquired in 2005 and fully integrated into the network. SECTION 3 – Airline Trends It is obvious that the airline industry is a rapidly growing, and it is now much more affordable to fly. Years ago, fly was a luxurious thing and airline industry was one of most wanted industry to work. The existence of low cost carrier model has helped the industry to grow and affordable flights are become realistic. It elevates the market growth and snapshots of LCC capacity share below will give better perspective in explaining that. 3.1.Deregulation When fly was expensive and only for certain people, it was a challenge to keep the existence of airline companies. Most of countries are supporting its airline companies to keep it operates and available in many different ways including financial supports. Along with this privilege come sets of regulations that airline companies need to comply, and some of these conditions were barriers to the industry to grow. Currently, as airline industry grows with its huge and growing market, companies are becoming much more independent and profitable. With this situation, the industry is now less regulated. Overall industry is more controlled by competition among airlines and market demands. However, deregulation does not mean that there is no regulation. The industry still regulated such as in the area of safety, some environmental aspects, taxes and permits, etc. 3.2.Asia Open Sky Policy 2015 Globalization is something that should be anticipated, and different countries implement different strategy to implement it. Some of countries are well-prepared, and some neglect it and sitting in the lowest level of the food chain. Indonesia has signed the agreement for open market and in airline industry, there is Asia Open Sky Policy where all airlines can fly their airplanes to any destination in Asia by 2015. This means that the passengers from Makassar do not need to transit in Jakarta or Bali if they want to go to Phuket, they can take direct flight instead. This means that there will be more airports in each Asian countries serves international flights and there will be custom check at each airport. 3.3.Infrastructure Construction Given the fact that the business is profitable, the market is growing, travel with airplane is now for everyone, and the open sky policy, it considered by most stakeholder in this industry as potential opportunity. To boost the growth, many countries are trying to upgrade their infrastructure such as airport, terminal and commuter to connect terminal and the city. Jakarta has also part of this effort where government is thinking to connect Gambir train station to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. Apart from upgrading the infrastructure, there are also number of airport will be built. Indonesia is planning to have at least 24 additional airports in the next five years. This is also supported by the fact that current International airport in Jakarta has served double of its daily capacity. Besides the business aspects, there is a more important aspect that needs to be taken care, safety. 3.4.Electronic Booking Computer and internet technologies have given better flexibility, efficiency and effectiveness of most of human work and interaction. This helps the globalization to grow to what it is today. The existence of these technologies helps companies to connect with their customers easier and cheaper compare to have a physical representation. Low cost carrier has captured this concept and built its online booking system, and some are also provide online check in system. AirAsia is one of pioneer in this online booking system. SECTION 4 –Strategy and Positioning 4.1.Generic Strategies Using Porter’s Generic Strategies model, we can analyze further airline industry and segment it based on its general strategy. There four sections where airline companies can be classified based on strategy they use, as describe in below figure. It can be seen that airlines such as Garuda Indonesia, Singapore Airlines and Malaysian Airlines are in the same box. They are working on the uniqueness and differentiation, make the experience of flying with their airplanes are memorable moment and service are mainly excellent. In the Focus-Cost, Airfast and Riau Airlines as example are low cost carrier with focus market. Airfast exist because of Freeport mining, and only serves air transportation for Freeport. And Riau Airlines are only exist in Riau province, connecting regions within the province and still supported by provincial government. Premi Air, Indika and Trigana Air are chartered airlines for. Indika is specifically doing cargo services, while the other two airlines will carry passengers. These airlines are customers are companies and government, and in some occasions are political parties during campaign. As described above, AirAsia, TigerAir, Jet Star and Lion Air are working on cost leadership servicing broader type of customers. In this concept of strategy, there might be companies that are trapped in the middle, and in this case, Merpati is taken as an example. Merpati trying to be low cost as well as provides memorable flights through its certain level of service. It makes a lot of complication and might lead to financial consequences. 4.2.Five Forces to Generic Strategies This is the model that is used to see the relationship between Five Forces to the Generic Strategies model. In cost leadership strategy, companies will be able to handle almost all of five forces elements through their strength in cost and price, as long as they can avoid power suppliers. And in the focus strategy, companies are more effective in handling five forces. When cost leadership style companies will avoid power supplier, the focus style companies will better able to pass on the pressure from suppliers to their customers. While in the differentiation strategy, companies are relatively most effective in managing five forces and mostly will be able to waive potential challenges from five forces by using their strength. SECTION 5 – Defining Strategy 5.1.Low Cost Airlines Strategy Definition In defining strategy, there are three factors should be considered. They are steering factor that is overseeing things that a company wants to achieve : sustainable business or maintain in maturity stage and large market share. The second is resource factor, which is things that a company has, this includes people, assets, knowledge, technology, etc. The third is environment, a condition where company does the business. This includes market condition, regulations, etc. In environment elements, LCC has to meet cut throat market; it is a situation where competitors use predatory pricing and heavy promotion to eliminate or undermine their rivals. In term of regulation, LCC meets open sky policy where the airlines can fly more routes. Lack of human resources availability is one of the threat for LCC. 5.2.Low Cost Airlines Strategy to Cope with Operational Cost LCC implements low fare business concept, to cope with operational cost, LCC implements several strategies. * Fuel hedging Airlines can sign contract locking in current price for months or even years to anticipate the fuel price is going to rise in the future * Smaller airport to get cheaper airport fees * Short haul Direct flight to destination, this increases the number of scheduled flights, boost profits and cuts down on waiting time on the ground. The crew comes from local area, fly in the same route everyday, no layover, this will cut the operational cost. * Simplified * Use 1 kind of aircraft only, this will save money on maintenance and repair, on pilot and mechanic training since they don’t need to separate training programs for each different type of aircraft. * 1 class only, single class, first come first served basis, simplifies interior design of the plane, reduces the number of crew members required per flight and reduces the overhead necessary to run complicated booking systems. It also speeds up turnaround times, allowing the airlines to schedule more flights and therefore make more money. 5.3.SWOT Analysis It is fundamental to assess company’s SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) and put it as a foundation to build further analysis and decision around strategies. LCC may implements some strategies to run their business, and have the strategies as their strengths but sometimes they have to face the threat that comes from the environment, then turns their strengths into weaknesses. For example, overcapacity of the airport can be a threat in safety and on time performance because there will be flights queue during take off and landing. SECTION 6 –AirAsia, the Strategic Management 6.1.Key Success Factor A key success factor is a performance area of critical importance in achieving consistently high productivity. * Safety is quality * On time performance * Qualified crew * Point to point route system (No Transit) * Pricing strategy 6.2.Core Competence * Simple and Easy booking website * Secondary terminal LCC usually use the secondary terminal not the primary terminal, example like Low Cost Carrier Terminal at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (LCCT-KLIA) welcomed Tiger Airways. Benefit of using secondary airports * The airport fees for secondary airports are usually a fraction lower than major hub airports as they are otherwise left idle. * Smaller airports have simple check-in and baggage systems, which will allow LLCs to operate a simple and efficient baggage system with the minimal man power required. * Due to the low traffic at secondary airports, LLCs can achieve a very efficient turnaround time of their aircraft allowing more scheduled services. * Decentralised flight crew for efficiency the crew comes from local area, fly in the same route everyday, no layover, cut crew accomodation cost. 6.3.The Growth * Blue Ocean Strategy Blue ocean strategy that air asia create in the south east asia market was uncontested one by 2003-2004. they have no match, and this was even overlooked by indonesia’s Lion air at that time as well. Obviously airlines such as Garuda finally saw the opportunity, and in order to compete they create a subsidiary Low cost airlines called Citilink * Competitive advantages (must have if want to growth ) * Lower check in time * Lower turn around time * Pioneer in IT implementation * Personalisation 6.4.Challenges in Growth * Tighter government security Despite its just a secondary airport, it still need the x-ray for security reason. * Training requirement for flight crew This flight crew is not create in one night. It Take many times to train flight crew. It need times to stick this on their brain that aviation is a big industry and a very dangerous industry. * Restriction on infrastructure (airport, access, and Traffic controller) Like Medan they have a new airport already built but guess what, there is no road that connects they city to that airport. Land acquisition for the new airport is done but not yet for the road. SECTION 7 – Expansion and Strategic Alliance 7.1.Expansion * Air Asia Malaysia – Indonesia, Thailand, Japan Air asia is started in malaysia, now they have air asia indonesia, air asia thailand, air philipines, air asia japan. Its very good growth and Strategicly are contested nevetheless. * Jetstar Australia – Singapore, Japan Now jetstar australia see opportunities in asia, they also expand to singapore and japan. Working with local investor, jestar now operate hubs out of asia’s major cities * Tiger Air acquired Mandala Tiger airways which is singapore base aquired Mandala airlines recently. Mandala Airlines will focus on LCC market in Indonesia, while expanding their fleet to meet the demand of the market * Lion Air, Malindo Air, Pacific Air Lion air extend to vietnam with pacific air. Anyone that lives in Medan, Balik Papan, Pekanbaru or even Surabaya has to go to Jakarta now to go abroad, and that would cost them more in air fares and take more time. the purpose is to make either Singapore or Malaysia a gateway to carry Indonesian passengers onward. Now lion group have Malindo, which is going to be their gateway to fly to Kuala Lumpur and beyond. 7.1.Strategic Alliance Strategic alliances can be done a few ways. Joint venture is a strategic alliance in which two or more firms create a legally independent company to share some of their resources and capabilities to develop a competitive advantage. Example such as Air Asia and Air Nippon Airways to create Air Asia Japan inorder to expand in Japan Low Cost market. Equity strategic alliance is an alliance in which two or more firms own different percentages of the company they have formed by combining some of their resources and capabilities to create a competitive advantage. This can be seen in Air Asia Flight Academy where Air Asia allied with Canadian based CAE, a training solution provider to train Air Asia Pilot, using human resources from CAE and the building of Air Asia. This strategic alliance was a way to avoid using Air Asia pilot in ground training, so the pilots can stay flying and maintain the crew strength of Air Asia. Meanwhile a way of exapanding the brand for CAE is the advantage that CAE received. Non-equity strategic alliance is an alliance in which two or more firms develop a contractual-relationship to share some of their unique resources and capabilities to create a competitive advantage. This can be seen through brand strategy awareness of Air Asia by endorsing Manchester United paint in one of the plane. Or Emirates building an emirates stadium in Arsenal City. Global Strategic Alliances working partnerships between companies (often more than two) across national boundaries and increasingly across industries, sometimes formed between company and a foreign government, or among companies and governments. At the moment there are three big Global Airlines Alliances. The biggest one that consist of 5 star airlines is One world. Airlines such as British airways, Japan airlines, and Qantas are joint together to share airline code. In such a way that Qantas passenger may board British airways using Qantas ticket if they wish to travel within Europe. Second global Alliance is the Star alliances, consist of four and five star airlines. Its members are Singapore airlines, Thai Airways and United Airlines. Serving the world as a competitor for One world. Third global alliance consists of mostly Four star airlines such as Garuda Indonesia, KLM and Korean Airlines. Recent development in the global airlines alliances is the notion to create a global alliance of low cost carier. Pitch by Richard Branson to Tony Fernandez, Virgin airlines proposed to Air Asia to create a big LCC alliance to cter the demand of low cost air travel through out the world, where people my travel anywhere in the world by buying only one ticket from their home country. An idea that is progressing but very well indeed. New Development of airlines in the world According to Centre of Asia pacific Aviation is the Hybrid Airlines, where Airlines must adopt its way of doing business and cater customer for its own preferences to fly with the airlines. In other words personalisation is the new buzz in the aviation business.

Platos philosophical approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Platos philosophical approach - Essay Example In short, philosophy to me then was that a philosopher can be a good lawyer because he or she is so good in presenting valid and relevant data to support his or her thesis statement. Also, I have always wondered why there are so many religions in this world. I could not understand why each religious sect does not want to be called a sect but some prefer to be called a non denominational church. But they have different teachings pertaining to God and the world. I was also curious as to why some people prefer to be ATHEISTS. These are people who do not believe or worship God. Well, this is what drove me to study Philosophy. After taking up philosophy class, I now know the answers to my questions about life. I have learned that philosophy is the love and hunt for wisdom through understanding, intelligence, prudence and also moral discipline of oneself. Also, I discovered that philosophy is the research, survey and analysis and interpretation data pertaining to the nature, reasons, or doctrine of reality, knowledge or values. The study of philosophy is grounded on reasoning. This reasoning is also grounded on logic. The research in philosophy is not so much based on empirical methods. Furthermore, I have also learned that philosophy is the system of thinking that is grounded on inquiry. ... Furthermore, I have also learned that philosophy is the system of thinking that is grounded on inquiry. Fork the philosophy of inquiry was first propagated by Hume himself. I have also gotten used to looking at life as a person critically analyzing the basic suppositions and convictions. Also, my mind has been deluged with the various disciplines found in the university curriculums of science and the liberal arts. And, I am also learned that the disciplines of philosophy is compose of many sections. Some of these sections are logic, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, and epistemology. For example, I learned that if the first statement goes all birds fly and the second statement goes hawks are birds then the conclusion or third statement would be hawks can fly. Furthermore, I learned that philosophy is a set of ideas or principles that are concentrated on a specific field or activity, an underlying theory or an original philosophy of promotion or publicity. Finally, I have learned from my philosophy subject that philosophy is a system of values of a community where persons live. Finally, my first introduction to philosophy was that I was taught that the meaning of philosophy is LOVE OF WISDOM or philosophia) at least two quotations from your readings that were most important to you.This shows that my outlook in life before taking up philosophy classes has completely changed for the better. READINGS INCLUDE:In the Apology retrieved from http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.htmlMy life has been completely improved with Plato's famous statement in defence of charges falsely hurled against him stating "O Athenians, that I have nothing to do with these studies. Very many of those here present are witnesses to the truth

The Documentary 'Jamie Oliver's Great Escape' as a useful tool in Research Paper

The Documentary 'Jamie Oliver's Great Escape' as a useful tool in teaching Italian to ab initio third level students of Culinar - Research Paper Example Engaging Language Learners by Making the Learning Real It is well documented in cognitive science that learning does not take place until it is either shared or applied. Therefore, a major problem in language learning is its lack of reality. By engaging foreign language learners in real activities that use the target language the learning can be enhanced and accelerated. This study covers the use of Videos in the major interest field of third year culinary arts students to help them learn Italian. By using Educational Videos created for other educational aims, such as learning cooking techniques, the language learning becomes part of the engaging activity in their major interest and seems incidental. A study using Jamie Oliver’s Great Escapes to teach Ab Intio Italian to third year culinary students shows great potential for combining students’ major interest with Ab Intio language learning. It can both accelerate the language acquisition and enhance the major subject, especially with vocabulary, since the words presented are those the students already use quite frequently. The documentary is not entirely in Italian, but incorporates many useful words for cooking into the dialogue as techniques are demonstrated visually. Since any text that is focused upon one subject will be limited in vocabulary to that subject, the target set of terms becomes naturally smaller and easier to learn. Rather like scaffolding, this makes a connection with something in which the student has an intense interest creating a reality and allowing the students to actually to share and apply the language to their every day activities. It also has the effect of increasing interest in the language, thus motivating the students. Using Jamie Oliver’s Great Escapes Videos to Teach Ab Intio Italian There are 250 articles in the EBSCO database about Jamie Oliver, so he is definitely a popular television star chef. In looking at the series Jamie’s Great Escapes it is easy to understand why. His shows are not just about cooking, but include history and culture and authentic Italian language. By integrating visual images with written text, digital stories can be used to enhance and accelerate student comprehension (Burmark, 2004; Robin, 2008). Making content and connections relevant to students’ lives helps bring meaning and purpose to instruction in all content areas. Dewey (1912) challenged educators to meet students where they are, and these students are in the kitchen. By using a documentary series that focuses upon what most interest these students, the learners are engaged and motivated to learn what is important to the understanding of their craft. If we look carefully at these documentary episodes we see that they make the language very real. It is part of the cooking and the culture. Food is an intimate part of any culture, as is languages. Therefore it is no surprise that they go well together. They are central to who we are and u nderstanding this idea helps us understand why these videos work so well. The lives of these students center around food. That is the center of their culture as culinary arts students. However, in order to become really great chefs, they must understand the food they cook and the culture in which it developed. In the first episode, Jamie Oliver says, himself, that he went to Italy to learn about the food and culture, to get away from his hectic life and absorb the Italian

TOCYO's Approach Managing People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

TOCYO's Approach Managing People - Assignment Example The report will discuss the issues that were currently being faced by the company. The company was in quite a lot of mess there were many issues in nearly all the departments of the company as well as the management alos had issues amongst themselves. The report will identify the issues, present the causes of the issues and then present a solution for the problem. The only solution for the company is to bring about a whole revamping era into his firm so as to make sure that they can grab back their marketing share and as well as start making profits. INTRODUCTION The company was founded by Harold Bennett who was an ex-marine engineer, he company was working successfully under him and there were no serious issues, but when issues started to raise their heads, he sold the company to another person and stopped his interference in the company, but later when once again the company was losing out on its market share the new owner decided to sell it. Gordon Bennett, who was a family member of the founder felt that the company should once again come back into the family decided to undergo a management buyout. ... Each departmental head was on the look out to create benefit for themselves and for her friends. The employee were not being paid properly, there was serious discrepancies in the pays that were being handed out and the employees hence felt degraded and left out. There were serious financial drains in the company in the form of part time workers and failed experiments. Also, some of the departmental heads had made many things an egotistical issue, when there was no such thing. The departmental head had also failed to account for the cultural structure of Mexico where unionism is quite strong and hence the difference in payments was treated as a huge issue. One major thing in the company was the increasing nepotism which always leads to the downfall of companies. Another major issue that he is currently facing is in relation to the relocation, if he merges the two units there will be some layoffs, but it would result in major cost savings, he has to make a decision about it as well and soon, and make sure that decision is in the favor of the employees and the company as a whole. Management Currently there are many issues in the management; in fact some of the major issues which are then leading to smaller issues are emerging from the management. The HR department at first needs a serious bit of change, although Swagg has a lot of experience in the same industry but she really lacks the honesty and the vigor that should be in her as a part of HR department. The kind of employees that you are hire are the ones that really make a difference in today’s business, employees help you create the niche that gives you a competitive advantage in the long run. She should know that

Doesn't matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doesn't matter - Essay Example The two party system limits more party entrances and thus limits flexibility on the part of the decision making process. However, based on public policy, the system promotes transparency with regard to use of public resources where both parties are accountable. In consideration of the various stakeholders in the policy process, the system though limited in representation is able to diffuse resources effectively without external interference. Democracy is essential since the voters have been empowered to choose whoever they want and thus the governance represents what the voters chose. To some extent, the growth and influence of the independent voter is constructive because it represents the type of governor they want. If good, then the voter has played a good role in being informed and choosing a good leader which is constructive to govern. However, the growth of the independent voter might have been out of coercion or incentive which may influence the decision making and eventually poor leadership. This translates to bad policy process where resources may be utilized by the few elite. Growth and influence of private corporations are a challenge to governance in that it has raised interest groups as a form of government. As a result it has led to corruption, mismanagement and collusion of regulation and enforcement. Apart from that the interest groups may have led to proper representations and thus good policy for the public interests. The influence of lobbyists is constructive to govern and may still pose a threat. Lobby groups such as AARP and NRAhave been known to raise chaos and eliminate people from office or being voted in. They are also responsible for equitable distribution of resources to the marginalized regions thus promoting good governance and better policy for the public good. They have promoted problem identification, intervention strategies, implementation and evaluation with regard to

Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Managing Change - Essay Example Lewin’s change model: The model has three stages, these are: Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze. The unfreeze stage involves convincing the organization that the change is necessary. This is done by artificially creating a minor crisis that leads to the required motivation for the change. Change stage owing to the uneasiness faced by the people in the unfreeze stage, the employees start believing and acting in the direction of the change. Some employees take to change quickly where as some people who are genuinely affected by the change take time to adopt the change. In the final stage termed ‘refreeze’, as the change is being accepted, the employees are supported in order to help them to adapt to the change in a better manner. Discuss the external and internal forces that create the need for organizational change There are two types of forces those generate the need for a change in an organization. These are: i) external forces: Industry Standards, Government Regulati ons, Technology trends, Socio-Economical aspects. ii) Internal forces: Strategic decisions, Changes in technology and Employee attitudes etc. External forces are beyond the control of an organization, e.g. personal computers replaced the electronic typewriters, the employees had to be trained on the use of personal computers. Similarly, in the case of internal forces, if the company needs to change its business from services to production then the organization will need employees with different skill sets, hence the change. Kotter's Eight Steps for Leading Organizational Change: Professor John Kotter of Harvard Business School has mentioned Kotter’s eight steps for leading organizational change in his book â€Å"Leading Change†. These eight steps are: 1. Establish the sense of urgency – this sense can be created by very honest and clear discussions depicting the real state of affairs like poor sales figures. If people start talking about it this will lead to mot ivation, hence the sense of urgency for the change will appear. 2. Form a strong coalition: Coalition will not get formed unless the organization identifies few forward looking leaders. After these leaders have been identified, they must be committed. Their weak areas are worked upon to make them better leaders. 3. Create a vision: The vision of the organization needs to be created, this is summarized and familiarized by the leaders. A strategy is then worked out for implementing the vision. 4. Communicate the vision: The vision is discussed and talked about amongst the employees, the idea is to address the queries and anxieties of the workers. All types of changes are linked with the vision. 5. Remove Obstacles: After the system is in place for working out the change, the people who oppose this change need to be identified. The barriers and obstacles are also identified and then the needful is done to remove these issues. 6. Plan and create short term wins: Initially change is impl emented in the projects those are certain. This is done to pose confidence in employees about the change. 7. Consolidate improvements and produce more